Entomopathogenic microbial potential in the management of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) in maize production

Abstract Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) poses a significant threat to maize production in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in Nigeria, where infestation levels continue to disrupt food security. This study investigates the efficacy of entomopathogenic microbial inoculants, delivered through biochar-based formulations, as a sustainable strategy for managing S. frugiperda in maize cultivation. Field and screenhouse trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of various treatment combinations involving Bacillus thuringiensis, Trichoderma spp., and synthetic insecticide(Ampligo) under sprayed and non-sprayed conditions. Agronomic traits disease incidence, and yield parameterswere assessed. Results revealed that the combination of NPK (50 kg/ha), Mycorrhiza, and biochar (T2) significantly improved plant growth, reduced armyworm damage, and enhanced yield performance, closely rivaling chemical control method. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) confirmed that T2 contributed to superior vegetative vigour (PC1) and physiological stability (PC2). These findings supported the integration of microbial inoculants and biochar as part of an environmentally friendly and scalable Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approach.