Effects of silvopastoral management intensity on honeybee production, health, and pollen diversity

The honeybee ( Apis mellifera ) is of plays a crucial role in forest ecosystems and in the production of honey and other hive products. However, their populations face declines due to pesticides, habitat loss, and parasites such as Varroa destructor . Silvopastoral systems (SPS) which integrate trees, shrubs, and livestock offer a promising model to enhance honeybee health by providing continuous floral resources and diversified habitats. In Mexico, these systems are widespread and could simultaneously support honey production, livestock productivity, and biodiversity conservation. The objective of this study was to evaluate how different vegetation management practices within SPS influence pollen diversity, honey yield, and honeybee health particularly Varroa destructor infestation under subtropical conditions. Four silvopastoral sites with varying levels of vegetation management intensity were selected, ranging from intensive to unmanaged. Whithin this systems, pollen diversity and abundance, Varroa infestation, and honey yield were evaluated. Results revealed that honey yield varied significantly among sites, with the highest production in the most intensively managed area, and the lowest yields in less disturbed sites. Moreover, pollen abundance and richness were negatively correlated with Varroa infestation, suggesting that greater floral diversity helps mitigates parasite infestation. Overall, these analyses demonstrate that vegetation management within SPS influences colony productivity and health. Moderate disturbance that maintains a balance between herbaceous and arboreal species can enhance nectar and pollen availability while reducing parasite loads. Incorporating native, melliferous flora into silvopastoral sistems represents a strategy to support honey production, and livestock systems in subtropical regions.