Mitigation of the Salinity Stress in Vicia Faba (L.) Seedlings Using Green-Synthesized Selenium Nanoparticles

Abstract This study explores the potential of green-synthesized selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs), prepared from Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seed extract, to alleviate salinity stress in Vicia faba (L.) seedlings. It was hypothesized that selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) could enhance salinity tolerance by improving physiological performance and activating antioxidant defenses. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) were synthesized using a green approach and characterized by ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Seed priming with SeNPs was performed prior to exposure to 150 mM sodium chloride (NaCl). Both control (non-salinized) and salt-stressed seedlings, with and without SeNPs, were evaluated for growth, physiological, and biochemical traits. Salinity stress markedly inhibited seed germination, growth, and photosynthetic pigments, while promoting oxidative damage. In contrast, SeNP-primed seedlings showed improved germination and growth performance, maintained chlorophyll content, and exhibited reduced lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage. SeNPs also modulated osmolyte accumulation and stabilized protein and carbohydrate metabolism under stress. Green-synthesized selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) mitigate the adverse effects of salinity in Vicia faba by enhancing antioxidant activity, osmotic adjustment, and photosynthetic efficiency. This eco-friendly nanobiotechnological approach represents a promising strategy to improve crop resilience and support sustainable production in saline environments.