Sustainability-based approaches for improving the unpredictable ecological features of floating net cage aquaculture in Pegametan Bay, North Bali, Indonesia

The sustainability of Pegametan Bay is threatened by continuous aquaculture activities, leading to a decline in ecological conditions. This study aimed to develop strategies for improving the ecological conditions of Pegametan Bay from a sustainable perspective. Addressing this issue requires strategies that encompass environmental, social, and economic dimensions. A series of strategic analyses, including Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) and Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) methodologies, was conducted involving farmers, government representatives, and local communities to develop strategies for improving aquaculture practices toward sustainability. The results identified 11 alternative strategies, among which three were prioritised as follows: (1) optimising sustainable production by aligning stocking density with the carrying capacity of the bay; (2) conducting workshops on sustainable floating net cage aquaculture in collaboration with aquaculture practitioners, sustainable fisheries organisations, or aquaculture-focused government departments; and (3) establishing a standard operating procedure for sustainable floating net cage aquaculture through partnerships with diverse stakeholders. These findings, in the form of prioritised strategies, provide a practical guide for stakeholders to promote sustainable aquaculture in Pegametan Bay.