A comprehensive review of past and present developments of Li-ion batteries

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are the dominant energy-storage technology for electric vehicles, portable electronics, and grid applications due to their high energy density and technological maturity. However, challenges related to safety, degradation under real-world operating conditions, and long-term reliability continue to limit their large-scale deployment. This review provides a critical analysis of the evolution of lithium-ion battery technologies, covering electrode and electrolyte materials, electrochemical mechanisms, battery management systems, and emerging design strategies. Beyond conventional materials-focused discussions, this work emphasizes the interaction between battery chemistry and real-world abuse conditions, including mechanical vibration, impact shock, thermal runaway, and environmental exposure. Commercially relevant cathode and anode chemistries are compared from an industrial perspective, highlighting trade-offs between energy density, safety, cost, and longevity. In addition, insulation resistance (IR) testing is identified as a key safety diagnostic for high-voltage battery systems. By integrating materials engineering with mechanical robustness, thermal management, and safety validation, this review provides a system-level framework to guide the development of safer and more reliable lithium-ion batteries.