Green-synthesized silver nanoparticles from Tulsi leaf extract: synergistic antimicrobial activity against bacterial and fungal pathogens

Abstract The increasing threat of antimicrobial resistance has heightened the search for alternative therapeutic approaches that are both effective and environmentally sustainable. This study introduces a green synthesis approach for silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi) leaf extract, leveraging its rich phytochemical composition for nanoparticle formation and stabilization. Prepared AgNPs were characterized using UV–Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, FE-SEM, EDX, and XRD. These analyses verified the formation of spherical, crystalline particles averaging approximately 39.60 nm in diameter. To evaluate their antimicrobial potential, we tested Tulsi extract, AgNPs, and their combinations with conventional antimicrobial agents against Bacillus cereus and Candida albicans . The finding revealed that the AgNPs showed significantly enhanced antimicrobial activity compared to the Tulsi extract alone. Notably, the most effective outcomes were observed when the AgNPs was combined with antimicrobial agents, suggesting a synergistic interaction. These results highlight the potential of plant-mediated AgNPs to significantly enhance existing therapies, offering a novel and eco-friendly approach to combat multidrug-resistant pathogens.