Advances in genetic and molecular mechanisms of crop resistance to stalk rot

As the global warming intensifies, along with increased planting density and straw retention practices, stalk rot (SR) has become one of major diseases that negatively impacts crop yield and quality. The distribution of SR pathogens, encompassing both fungal and bacterial agents, is significantly influenced by climate and agricultural factors. Although significant researches have been conducted on identifying fungal SR in different crop plants, there remains a lack of comprehensive reviews focused on the genetic and molecular mechanisms that contribute to crop resistance against fungal and bacterial SR. This review provides a comprehensive comparison of the pathogenic mechanisms associated with fungal and bacterial SR. It emphasized recently cloned genes and molecular regulations linked to resistance against SR, highlighted the pivotal role of several smart strategies in advancing gene discovery and functional research. Furthermore, it summarized the potential molecular regulatory pathways involved in SR resistance. Ultimately, the article presents insights into several critical areas that warrant further investigation in the study of SR-resistant mechanisms and crop breeding.