Supercapacitors for Neural Signal Simulation: Biomimetic Potential, Technical Challenges, and Future Perspectives

This review examines the potential of supercapacitors (SCs) in simulating biological signals, with a particular focus on neural signaling applications. Owing to their rapid charge–discharge kinetics and high power density, SCs exhibit functional parallels with neuronal response mechanisms, positioning them as promising candidates for bioinspired electrochemical devices. The paper begins by outlining the fundamental principles, material architectures, and performance characteristics of SCs. Subsequently, it establishes the theoretical framework for biological signal simulation, encompassing neural signal propagation mechanisms and the properties of bioelectrical signals. The core discussion centers on supercapacitor-based neural signal simulation, addressing the similarities in dynamic behavior with neuronal activity, supported by experimental findings and computational modeling. Current technological limitations, including material optimization, structural design, and biocompatibility challenges, are critically analyzed alongside potential solutions. The review concludes by highlighting emerging applications in neural interfaces and biomedical devices, while identifying key research directions for future investigation. This synthesis highlights the distinct advantages of SCs in bioelectronic signal emulation and underscores the need for continued exploration in this interdisciplinary field.