Bioactive peptides from Spirulina platensis as emerging therapeutics for noncommunicable diseases

The rising global prevalence of chronic metabolic conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, obesity, and cancer, demands the development of novel, safe, and effective therapeutic interventions. This review critically evaluates the therapeutic potential of bioactive peptides (BAPs) and protein hydrolysates derived from Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira); a nutrient-dense cyanobacterium increasingly recognized as a functional food source. Synthesizing evidence from in vitro, in vivo, and preclinical studies, we highlight Spirulina -based BAPs as promising nutraceutical agents with diverse biological activities. We examine various extraction and hydrolysis methods used to isolate these peptides and assess their efficacy in modulating key metabolic pathways. Notably, Spirulina BAPs have demonstrated potent antihypertensive effects by inhibiting Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE), alongside antidiabetic mechanisms through suppression of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV (DPP-IV), α-amylase, and α-glucosidase, while enhancing glycogen synthase activity. Additionally, robust antioxidant activity has been observed across multiple assays, with accumulating evidence supporting their antiproliferative effects on various cancer cell lines. Emerging findings also suggest potential roles in ameliorating hyperlipidaemia, inflammation, and obesity. Together, these findings position Spirulina -derived peptides as multifunctional bioactives with significant implications for metabolic health. However, to facilitate clinical translation, future research must prioritize well-designed animal models and rigorously controlled human trials. Moreover, advancements in peptide delivery systems particularly nanoencapsulation and targeted release technologies will be essential to enhance their stability, bioavailability, and therapeutic efficacy. Integrating such strategies may pave the way for incorporating Spirulina -based BAPs into evidence-based approaches for chronic disease prevention and management.