Application of artificial intelligence in academic libraries in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review

Purpose Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology provides academic libraries with an opportunity to improve users’ experience. However, the application of AI in academic libraries in low- and middle-income countries is yet to be established. Thus, this scoping review aims to assess the extent of AI utilisation in academic libraries in low- and middle-income countries. Design We performed searches in five databases, which included SCOPUS, Web of Science, Library and Information Science Technology Abstracts (LISTA), Academic Search Premier, and Google Scholar. The scoping review adopted the following search strategy: (Artificial intelligence OR AI OR Fourth Industrial Revolution OR 4th Industrial Revolution OR Industry 4.0 OR 4IR) AND (Application OR Implementation OR Utili*ation OR Use OR Adoption) AND (Academic Librar* OR University Librar*) AND (Challenges OR Hinderances OR Barriers). Findings The review findings indicated that most studies reported the implemented AI tools such as Chatbots, robotics, RFID, AI text generators, and face recognition, among others. However, surprisingly, most of the AI tools were reported in single studies. The low adoption of AI technology was attributed to limited funding, fear of job security, presence of a knowledge gap, lack of infrastructure, ethical use of technology, privacy concerns, lack of management, and absence of adequate policies. Originality Our literature search yielded no scoping review presenting the extent of AI utilisation in academic libraries in low- and middle-income countries in Africa and Asia; however, we acknowledge the availability of some systematic studies on the topic. This study aimed to improve on the already available knowledge and bridge any present gaps. Our literature yielded no scoping review presenting the extent of AI utilisation in academic libraries in low- and middle-income countries; therefore, this study aimed to fill the gap. Implications The findings and recommendations presented in this scoping review will guide academic libraries in harnessing the implementation of AI in their services. Thus, enhancing the library users’ information seeking experiences in this technological era.