Antimicrobial resistance in aquaculture an overview of current status and possible solutions to the issue

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has developed and spread throughout aquatic environments due to the increased use of antimicrobial chemicals in the aquaculture sector. The uses of AMR in aquaculture are thoroughly examined in this review paper, starting with the patterns in antibiotic use worldwide and by species, as well as how these factors contribute to the development of resistance. It reveals the ecological and genetic mechanisms of resistance, such as the survival of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in sediments and water bodies, biofilm formation, and horizontal gene transfer. While the transmission of resistant diseases through seafood, water, and occupational contact poses significant risks to public health, the environmental spread of antimicrobial residues and resistant bacteria also impacts biodiversity. Taking into account significant gaps in monitoring, enforcement, and inter-country harmonization, the review paper also evaluates current national and international standards for antibiotic treatment in aquaculture. In addition to cutting-edge tactics such as nanotechnology and precision aquaculture, other approaches, including vaccines, probiotics, prebiotics, phage therapy, and plant antimicrobials, are also considered in the fight against the threat posed by AMR. The application of biosecurity and best management practices (BMPs) to reduce antibiotic dependence, as well as the use of molecular surveillance methods such as metagenomics and quantitative PCR to monitor resistance development, is also covered. The review paper emphasizes a One Health strategy and the value of cooperation between the public health, veterinary, and environmental sectors in the fight against AMR. To improve sustainable, antibiotic-responsible aquaculture, future efforts will focus on capacity building, consumer education, policy harmonization, and research investments.