Continuous wavelet transform and multifractal analysis of aeromagnetic anomalies in the Mambilla Plateau, Nigeria

Understanding the nonlinear dynamics of magnetic anomalies is essential for resolving the structural complexity of folded and faulted basement terrains. This study analyzes aeromagnetic data from the Gashaka and Mayo Daga regions of the Mambilla Plateau using an integrated nonlinear framework comprising time-series reconstruction, magnetic anomaly mapping, continuous wavelet transform (CWT) ridge analysis, and fractal–multifractal characterization. Time-series embedding (with time delay ( $$\tau = 10$$ ) and embedded dimension ( $$m = 3$$ ) reveals distinct dynamical signatures in both signals, while Total Magnetic Intensity (TMI) maps and profiles delineate lateral magnetic variations linked to deformation zones. The CWT scalograms and wavelet-energy distributions highlight depth-dependent frequency bands that enhance the detection of localized anomalies related to faults, fractures, and folded lithologies. Fractal scaling analysis yields dimensions ranging from 1.62 to 1.85, and the multifractal singularity spectra show width values of multifractal spectrum $$\Delta \alpha = 0.48$$ –0.73, confirming strong heterogeneity and multi-scale structural complexity, particularly in Gashaka. Together, these nonlinear attributes provide quantitative discrimination between fault-dominated and fold-dominated terrains and demonstrate the value of combining fractal, multifractal, and CWT techniques for improved structural mapping and geophysical interpretation in complex basement provinces.