Solution-processed halide perovskite solar cells: from coating to modules

Halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as a transformative photovoltaic technology, delivering extraordinary efficiencies in laboratory-scale devices and redefining the performance limits of solution-processed semiconductors. Despite this progress, a pronounced gap between small-area cells (27.3%) and large-area modules (~20.05%) continues to impede their transition from academic demonstrations to commercial implementation. This review critically examines recent advances in perovskite solar modules (PSMs), focusing on scalable strategies to translate record cell efficiencies into robust, high-performance modules with long-term operational stability. We integrate fundamental insights into perovskite crystallization with a mechanistic perspective on three representative coating methodologies, highlighting their roles in governing film uniformity, defect formation, and scalability. Beyond processing, we discuss emerging design paradigms for module architecture, efficiency amplification, and durability engineering. Finally, we evaluate the environmental and techno-economic viability of perovskite photovoltaics and outline future opportunities enabled by flexible and lightweight perovskite solar cells and modules, positioning PSMs as a key enabler for the next generation of sustainable and versatile energy systems.