Advancements in electrospinning: a comprehensive review of historical development, key parameters, applications, and challenges

Electrospinning is a creative and adaptable method for creating nanofibers with a wide range of uses in industries like textiles, filtration, biomedical engineering and others. Beginning with early research in the 1930s and continuing through more recent developments, this review offers a thorough account of the history of electrospinning. A high-voltage power source, a spinneret, and a collector make up the basic electrospinning setup, which we explore in detail along with its basic working principles. Since these factors have a significant impact on fiber morphology and diameter, important electrospinning parameters are covered in detail, including solution viscosity, electric field strength, collector distance, and ambient conditions. Additionally, the review emphasizes the wide range of uses for electrospun nanofibers, such as filtration membranes, scaffolds for tissue engineering, wound dressings, and drug delivery systems. Scalability, process reproducibility, and the requirement for specialized materials are some of the issues that electrospinning faces despite its potential. In conclusion, we present the outlook directions for the method, highlighting possible advancements and uses that can increase its industrial significance and broaden its use in developing domains through solvent-free and 3D electrospinning.