Sustainable Biginelli chemistry: Indian contributions to green multicomponent synthesis

The Biginelli Reaction is a one-pot acid-catalysed cyclo-condensation procedure that combines urea, β-ketoester, and aromatic aldehydes to create functionalised DHPMs. For more than a century, this three-component reaction has been recognised as a method for producing dihydropyrimidinone and related dihydropyrimidinethiones since it was first described in 1893. A renewed interest in this reaction to produce DHPMs with higher yields and greater environmental awareness has arisen from the need for sustainable chemistry and the expanding use of green technology. Numerous Biginelli-type compounds have recently been created by altering the classical reaction using various catalysts, such as plant extracts, ionic liquids, and nanoparticles, as well as structural variations in solvents. Additionally, this reaction has been carried out without the need for solvents. This study provides a concise review of the literature on synthesising functionalized DHPMs utilising diverse green approaches and highlights their biological activities with a particular focus on insights from Indian research.