Advances in the synthesis, properties, and applications of iron oxide nanoparticles

Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are one of the most highly promising nanomaterial families with many applications in numerous fields. The production techniques for IONPs are outlined in this paper, with particular emphasis placed on several strategies that enable fine control over their size, shape, and surface characteristics. Methods for physical, chemical, and biological synthesis are explored, along with the benefits and drawbacks of each. Additionally, altering surface features is essential for modifying the functionality and behaviour of IONPs. Their stability, biocompatibility, and targeting potential are considerably impacted by surface changes such as functionalization with organic ligands or inorganic coatings. It is thoroughly investigated how crucial surface engineering is to improving interactions with biological systems and increasing their effectiveness in biomedical applications. This article also explores the numerous uses of IONPs across several industries. The uses of nanoparticles in industries include MRI, medication delivery systems, environmental purification, and a cure for cancer using hyperthermia treatment. Additionally, particular features of IONPs, such as superparamagnetism and enormous surface area, have allowed them to be used as sensors for metabolites and biomolecules, advancing various diagnostic and sensing technologies.