A review of nanofiber-based drug delivery systems: fabrication, characterization, advances, and future prospects

Nanofibers have emerged as advanced drug delivery systems due to their large surface area, adjustable porosity, and ability to facilitate controlled and sustained drug release. This Review thoroughly analyzes the synthesis processes of nanofibers, including electrospinning, self-assembly, Phase separation, Printing method, and template-assisted approaches, emphasizing their advantages and disadvantages. The importance of material selection is explored, highlighting the role of synthetic, natural, and composite polymers in enhancing nanofiber efficacy for biomedical applications. Key challenges like scalability, biocompatibility, In Vivo applicability, and recent developments in hybrid and biomimetic nanofibers are discussed. This study investigates recent advancements in the therapeutic application of nanofiber-based drug delivery systems, concentrating on their vivo efficacy and safety profiles. We emphasize novel tactics that combine artificial intelligence (AI) and 3D bioprinting to facilitate individualized treatment solutions customized for particular patient requirements. The assessment delineates promising future approaches, encompassing the advancement of bioresponsive and "smart" nanofiber systems, implantable and in situ-forming platforms, and advances focused on scalable, sustainable manufacturing. These insights combined offer a prospective view on the advancement of nanofiber technology from laboratory to clinical application. Graphical abstract