Role of nanotechnology in aquaculture disease management: A comparative review

In recent years, the application of nanoparticles has increased, particularly in the field of aquaculture. Many nanoparticles (NPs), including Copper nanoparticle (CuNP), Silver nanoparticle (AgNP), Titanium oxide nanoparticle (TiONP), Black Sand nanoparticle (BS-NP), Polystyrene nanoparticle (PS-NP), Zinc nanoparticle (Zn 2 NP), and Cadmium nanoparticle (CdNP), are used to study disorders in Fish, such as necrosis, bacterial gill infections, swim bladder dysfunction, and muscular fibrosis. Some nanoparticles cause gene mutations, alter cell shape and induce histological changes, and increase enzyme levels, while others excel in antibacterial activity, vaccine generation, and enhancing the efficacy of medication, among other applications. Some are extremely beneficial in providing antimicrobial activity and protecting Fish from pathogenic infections. This paper presents an overview of nanoparticle applications and the hazards that can lead to diseases in Fish.