Microwave-assisted sample preparation: A review of 50 years of achievements and trends

BACKGROUND: Microwave-assisted digestion is the state of the art in sample preparation for elemental analysis and has been widely used for a diversity of samples. This status has been achieved through significant conceptual, technological, and applicative landmarks over its 50 years of development. However, classical approaches are still widely used, underscoring the need for broader dissemination of microwave-assisted digestion. RESULTS: Challenges and opportunities for improvement remain, particularly in advancing greener, faster, and more efficient microwave-assisted methods. SIGNIFICANCE: A discussion of key developments and future directions in celebration of its 50th anniversary is presented here, aiming to contribute to further advances in the field.