From access to agency: Internet use, social networks, and the mental health of rural women in China

Digital connectivity plays an increasingly important role in psychological well-being, especially among women living in rural areas. This study examines the relationship between Internet use and depressive symptoms among rural women in China using nationally representative microdata from the 2022 China Family Panel Studies (CFPS). Multivariate regression, propensity score matching, and structural equation modeling are employed to assess both the direct association and the mediating role of social networks. The results show that Internet use is associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms. This association operates mainly through perceived interpersonal connectedness rather than family-based ties. After controlling for socioeconomic characteristics, however, the estimated effect weakens substantially, suggesting that observed differences partly reflect underlying structural conditions rather than Internet use alone. The findings indicate that improving rural women's mental health requires more than expanding Internet access. Attention should also be given to digital skills, meaningful online engagement, and supportive social environments.