RETRACTED: A Review and Synthesis of Epidemiological Trends Linking Climate Change, Urbanization, and Vector-Borne Diseases

Background Climate change is increasingly recognized as a significant driver of vector-borne diseases, with urban areas being particularly vulnerable to the dual pressures of rapid urbanization and environmental shifts. Methods A comprehensive literature review and data analysis were conducted to assess the impact of climate variables, such as temperature and precipitation, on the dynamics of vector populations in urban environments. Epidemiological data from multiple global cities were analyzed, alongside climate model projections, to forecast future trends in vector-borne disease transmission under various climate scenarios. Results Our findings demonstrate a clear correlation between climate change and the expansion of vector populations in urban areas, with temperature increases and altered precipitation patterns driving the proliferation of mosquitoes and other vectors. Urban centers in tropical and subtropical regions, such as Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, are predicted to experience a higher incidence of diseases like malaria, dengue, and chikungunya. Novelty and Contribution This study is among the first integrative reviews to focus specifically on urban ecosystems, combining epidemiological data, vector ecology, and climate projections (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) with policy case studies. By explicitly linking climate scenarios with disease outcomes in urban contexts, our work provides new insights into underexplored vulnerabilities, particularly in informal settlements, and highlights actionable strategies for strengthening urban health resilience. Discussion The study emphasizes the need for integrated urban health strategies that combine climate adaptation, enhanced vector control, and public health infrastructure. Policymakers must prioritize vulnerable populations in informal settlements and invest in climate-resilient urban planning to mitigate disease risks.