Trajectories of change for farmers to integrate agri-environmental practices: A longitudinal study of adoption dynamics

Context The adoption of agri-environmental practices (AEPs) is rarely linear. Farmers follow complex trajectories shaped by technical systems, individual perceptions, and broader socio-environmental conditions. Cross-sectional studies often miss this variability, highlighting the need for longitudinal approaches that capture how change unfolds over time. Objective This study examines the diversity of individual trajectories through which AEPs are voluntarily integrated into system of farming practices. It characterises trajectories across four dimensions—direction, speed, continuity, and extent—using the CIAEP framework ( Change towards the Integration of Agri-Environmental Practices ). Methods A six-year longitudinal study (2015, 2017, 2021) was conducted with 20 farmers in southern Quebec, Canada. Repeated interviews documented the integration of three sets of practices: environmentally aligned AEPs, soil conservation practices, and riparian buffer strips. Farmers were positioned within stages of change using the CIAEP framework. Results and conclusions Farmers experienced varied trajectories in the integration of different practices. Soil conservation practices were often marked by setbacks and discontinuities, while riparian buffers advanced more steadily. For most farmers, trajectories were slow, with only a few reaching operationalisation or full integration. Major shifts typically occurred after “trigger” moments when environmental challenges were recognised. Rapid trajectories were observed but rarely sustained; slower, continuous ones were more often associated with partial integration. Significance This study demonstrates the value of longitudinal analyses for capturing adoption dynamics and variability among farmers. It provides methodological insights into change processes and practical guidance for policymakers and advisors: sustained, tailored support aligned with farmers' trajectories is essential to foster durable integration of AEPs.