Genetic regulation of fatty acid content in adipose tissue

Fatty acids are important as structural components, energy sources, and signaling mediators. While studies have extensively explored genetic regulation of fatty acids in serum and other bodily fluids, their regulation within adipose tissue, a crucial regulator of cardiovascular and metabolic health, remains unclear. Here, we investigated the genetic regulation of 18 fatty acids in subcutaneous adipose tissue from 569 female twins from TwinsUK. Using twin models, the heritability of fatty acids ranged from 5% to 59%, indicating a substantial genetic regulation of fatty acid levels within adipose tissue, which was also tissue specific in many cases. Genome-wide association studies identified 10 significant loci, in SCD, ADAMTSL1, ZBTB41, SNTB1, EXOC6B, ACSL3, LINC02055, MKRN2/TSEN2, FADS1, and HAPLN across 13 fatty acids or fatty acid product-to-precursor ratios. Using adipose gene expression and methylation, which were concurrently measured in these samples, we detected five fatty acid-associated signals that colocalized with expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) and methylation quantitative trait locus (meQTL) signals, highlighting fatty acids that are regulated by molecular processes within adipose tissue. We explored links between polygenic scores of common metabolic traits and adipose fatty acid levels and identified associations between polygenic scores of BMI, body-fat distribution, and triglycerides and several fatty acids, indicating these risk scores impact local adipose tissue content. Overall, our results identified local genetic regulation of fatty acids within adipose tissue and highlighted their links with renal and cardio-metabolic health.