MOFs-derived transition metal phosphides as promising electrode materials for supercapacitors

The development of high-performance supercapacitors (SCs) hinges on advanced electrode materials. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)-derived transition metal phosphides (TMPs) have emerged as promising candidates because they retain the structural diversity and porosity of parent MOFs while offering superior conductivity and stability. This review provides a critical synthesis of recent advances in MOFs-derived TMPs for SC applications. We first survey preparation strategies, distinguishing conversion phosphorization from direct phosphorization with explicit discussion of their scopes, advantages, and limitations. We then systematically evaluate mono-, dual-, and tri-metallic TMPs. Moving beyond descriptive compilation, we critically examine the overused “synergistic effect” narrative and point out the lack of controlled comparative studies. Three mechanistic frameworks are introduced. Based on this analysis, we discuss key challenges including limited cycling stability, synthesis scalability, cost, and environmental footprint. Perspectives are offered on mechanism-driven rational design, operando characterization, and the transition from laboratory-scale promise towards practical industrial application.