Perceptions of respirable crystalline silica exposure in the Australian tunnelling industry: A survey of stakeholders’ attitudes to occupational health protections

OBJECTIVES: Tunnelling is essential for Australia's infrastructure, yet workers can face health risks from respirable crystalline silica exposure. This study explored perceptions of respirable crystalline silica exposure and types of silica-related disease. METHODS: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted with 290 participants with at least six months' tunnelling experience, recruited through industry, union and legal and scientific networks, supplemented by targeted sector outreach. Closed responses were analysed descriptively, Likert scale data were compared across experience groups using analysis of variance and free-text answers were thematically coded. RESULTS: Awareness of respirable crystalline silica risks was moderate to high yet confidence in dust control implementation was lower. Most participants (62.5%) indicated barriers that prevented good dust control practices. While exposure levels and use of respiratory protective equipment reportedly improved over the past decade, concerns about ongoing exposure and disease risk remain. Perceptions differed notably among experience types. Chronic bronchitis, silicosis and rheumatoid arthritis were the most frequently self-reported diseases. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH: Findings indicate that stakeholder concerns about respirable crystalline silica exposure and silica-related disease risk are significant within the tunnelling industry. Inconsistent dust control, superficial compliance and gaps between knowledge and practice point to systemic issues requiring leadership, accountability and proactive enforcement.