Aboveground seasonal energy storage: comparative analysis of hydrogen and its derivatives

Seasonal energy storage is key to the future of fully decarbonised energy systems. Geological features capable of storing hydrogen at low costs are not ubiquitous available, and solutions to store renewable energy above ground will be required. In this study, an energy hub investment optimisation model was developed, and different aboveground seasonal energy storage solutions are evaluated with different levels of process flexibility. In addition, the effects of different temporal optimisation resolutions and optimisation windows are evaluated. The results show that the current utility-scale lithium-ion battery system performs poorly in techno-economic terms at the seasonal storage level. Similarly, compressed hydrogen tanks are among the least competitive options. In contrast, ammonia and methanol are the most cost-effective solutions for new development sites reaching break-even electricity selling prices as low as 116 €/MWh. However, for power generation sites with existing infrastructure like gas turbines, storage and pipelines, Fischer-Tropsch fuels become the most competitive option. Flexibility of processes is also studied, and it is shown that it significantly decreases the costs. For these evaluated processes to reach commerciality, developing flexible production processes is crucial and should be prioritised. Finally, it is shown that seasonal storage investment is lower when lower temporal optimisation resolutions are used and increased when longer optimisation windows are considered.