IoT-enabled interoperability for energy-mobility integration: A systematic review of protocols, platforms, and standards

The convergence of the energy and mobility sectors through electric vehicle adoption and smart grid deployment demands seamless interoperability for efficient resource management and sustainability. This systematic literature review examines how Internet of Things (IoT) technologies facilitate integration across these domains. Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we analyzed 221 peer-reviewed publications from 2015 to 2024. Our review identifies critical challenges spanning technical, semantic, organizational, and regulatory dimensions, and synthesizes IoT-enabled solutions including communication protocols, interoperability platforms, domain-specific standards, and semantic technologies. Analysis of real-world deployments demonstrates tangible benefits: standardized protocols reduce integration costs by 30–50%, edge computing architectures achieve sub-10ms latency for vehicle-to-grid frequency regulation, and semantic interoperability enables cross-domain data fusion. We identify critical research opportunities in privacy-preserving analytics, quantum-safe cryptography, digital twin technologies, and next-generation communications. This work provides researchers, practitioners, and policymakers with a comprehensive reference for advancing IoT-enabled energy-mobility interoperability.