Validation of LVis for correcting true coincidence summing and density effects in gamma-ray spectrometry of concrete radioactive waste

This study evaluates the LVis software for correcting true coincidence summing and density effects in gamma-ray spectrometry of concrete radioactive waste. The true coincidence summing and density correction performance was validated using liquid and agar-based standards, respectively, followed by an analysis of high-density powder and ball-form concrete samples. The results confirmed that LVis successfully corrects for true coincidence summing and prevents overestimation of the activity of non-cascade nuclides. The density correction accurately adjusted the activity of low-energy nuclides for the concrete powder sample. However, LVis underestimated the activity of the concrete ball sample, because its bulk-density model overestimates attenuation by neglecting the presence of voids. The study thus validates that the LVis method provides an accurate analysis of concrete waste but highlights that sample pulverization is critical to ensure effective density correction.