Transforming urban resilience with energy-efficient IoT-enabled blockchain systems for disaster mitigation and recovery

This system is using low-cost IoT devices installed on top of important urban infrastructure, to sense, analyze and communicate multi-modal sensory information like seismic waves, water levels and structural integrity measurements. All of this is confirmed and stored in a blockchain network, which guarantees immutability to the records (not possible to change them) and ensures that every transactional history about event detection, response trigger or status recovery are indisputable. In order to improve the efficiency of block generation and system reliability in a dynamic disaster context, we introduce a new hybrid consensus mechanism called Proof-of-Resilience (PoR). The other main advantage of the PoR model is that it mathematically manages the node trust and latency, as indicated by Equations (1)–(3) in section 2.3, which has improved the consensus formation without central point of control.