Tunnel scanner: Geometry-informed synthetic point cloud generation and transfer learning for tunnel segmentation

Structural health monitoring of underground tunnels increasingly uses advanced sensing and data-driven methods. Laser-scanned 3D point clouds capture spatially rich measurements of segmental tunnel linings and require segmentation as a prerequisite for downstream analysis. Deep learning (DL) is effective for point-cloud segmentation, but scarce datasets and costly annotation limit practical use. This paper presents Tunnel Scanner , a high-fidelity simulator that synthesises realistic tunnel point clouds with automatic annotation. The plug-and-play module Hybrid Position–Normal Local Spatial Encoding embeds geometric priors into DL backbones and combines with transfer learning (TL) to exploit synthetic data for domain adaptation. Models trained only on synthetic data achieved 71.9% mean Intersection-over-Union (mIoU) and 86.6% Overall Accuracy (OA), and TL increased performance to at least 78.8% mIoU and 90.9% OA with limited real data. This paper highlights geometry-informed data synthesis as a viable augmentation approach for digital inspection and asset management of large-scale tunnels.