The pregnant brain: A narrative review of neuroplasticity and adaptation for motherhood

BACKGROUND: Pregnancy triggers significant hormonal and neuroplastic changes to support fetal development and prepare the mother for childcare. These profound adaptations can significantly influence maternal cognitive functions and behavior, crucial for a successful transition to motherhood. This review synthesizes current knowledge on structural and functional brain changes during pregnancy and their potential implications for maternal well-being. OBJECTIVE: This review aims to synthesize and critically evaluate the dynamic brain adaptations occurring during pregnancy, focusing on key regions like the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus, primarily based on human studies. It also discusses the potential implications of these changes for cognitive functions, mental health, and overall maternal adaptation. METHODS: This is a narrative review study. A comprehensive search for relevant scientific literature was conducted in five databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, EBSCOhost, and Wiley Online Library. Titles, abstracts, and full texts were reviewed to ascertain the relevance and eligibility of studies that addressed brain morphology, function, and hormonal influences during pregnancy and their potential implications for maternal well-being. CONCLUSION: While primarily adaptive and essential for supporting both mother and fetus, the brain adaptations during pregnancy can concurrently influence cognitive functions and maternal mental health. Therefore, integrated approaches involving education, comprehensive mental health support, promotion of physical activity, and personalized care are crucial for fostering positive maternal adaptation and well-being throughout the perinatal period. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level V.