What is local knowledge? A review of academic perspectives in relation to biodiversity and ecosystems

The consideration of local knowledge in assessments and governance of biodiversity and ecosystems is a vital challenge for a just and sustainable future. This requires in-depth consideration of the intricate ways people know, engage with and are affected by natural environments. However, the concept of local knowledge is fluid, and several interpretations are in use, which can complicate constructive engagement. This paper aims to provide a descriptive overview and analytical framework for diverse conceptualisations of local knowledge in biodiversity and ecosystem governance. We focus on two objectives: (i) to describe and critically examine conceptualisations of local knowledge in the scientific and grey literature; and (ii) to develop a set of characteristics that can be used to identify local knowledge. Rather than seeking a single definition, we examine a range of academic interpretations, while extending the discussion to knowledge systems and holders in the non-Indigenous Global North. We analyse differences and similarities between local knowledge and related concepts such as Traditional Ecological Knowledge, Indigenous and Local Knowledge, lay knowledge, scientific knowledge and policy-oriented understandings of local knowledge. We propose a flexible framework to identify and characterise local knowledge in research. The framework combines questions about researchers' motivations and methodological choices with dimensions concerning knowledge holders, locus of knowledge, spatial and temporal dimensions, and modes of knowledge transmission. We emphasise the importance of critically engaging with the concept of knowledge itself to recognise the complementarity of diverse knowledge systems and support more reflexive approaches to local knowledge in biodiversity and ecosystem governance.