Advances in the dispersal dynamics and biological control of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and its vector beetle

• Comprehensive summarize the diversity of vector beetles. • Summary formation mechanism of the dispersal juvenile in Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. • Factors influencing the load of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in vector beetles. • Factors governing Bursaphelenchus xylophilus departure from vector beetles. • Summary of biological control agents for Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and vector beetles. Pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus , is among the most devastating parasitic nematodes affecting pine trees worldwide. Its transmission depends on vector beetles, primarily of the genus Monochamus , which facilitate its spread between hosts. In turn, nematode activity promotes conditions conducive to beetle reproduction by weakening or killing host trees. This mutualistic relationship accelerates pine mortality and forest degradation. This review summarizes current knowledge on PWN transmission mechanisms and related biological control measures, including the diversity of vector species, developmental transitions to dispersal stages, regulatory factors influencing nematode carriage, and biological control agents targeting PWN and vector beetles. A better understanding of these processes will enhance the development of integrated management strategies for pine wilt disease (PWD).