Bioelectrochemical Sensing Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 Biomarkers

The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak has underscored the urgent need for rapid, sensitive and accessible diagnostic technologies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in nucleic acid- and antibody-based bioelectrochemical detection strategies for SARS-CoV-2, targeting the nucleocapsid (N) protein, spike (S) protein, the receptor binding domain (RBD) antigens and the viral RNA genome. Particular emphasis is placed on aptasensor, immunosensor and genosensor, highlighting biosensor design strategies and associated advantages and limitations. Key analytical parameters, such as sensitivity, detection limit, response time, transduction mechanisms and integrated nanomaterials are compared and discussed. Future perspectives on the innovative nucleic acid- and antibody-based point-of-care biosensors for SARS-CoV-2 are presented.