Encapsulated biofilm self-forming dynamic membrane bioreactors for future wastewater treatment: perspectives and applications

Water scarcity and increasing pollutant loads, including microplastics, are accelerating the need for advanced wastewater treatment technologies. The European Union's 2024 revision of the Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive (UWTD), aligned with the Zero-Pollution Action Plan, calls for energy-neutral systems capable of removing micropollutants, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and enabling water reuse. Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) can meet these demands, but conventional MBRs are still constrained by relatively high capital and operating costs. Encapsulated Biofilm Self-Forming Dynamic Membrane Bioreactors (EBSF-DMBRs) represent a promising alternative, as they form protected biofilm layers under aerobic conditions that can reduce fouling and lower maintenance requirements. This review summarizes current advancements in EBSF-DMBR technology, identifies key research gaps, provides preliminary data on EBSF-DMBR performance and discusses future directions for integrating innovative MBR systems into sustainable wastewater treatment frameworks that align with emerging regulatory and environmental requirements. • This review examines recent advances in ESF-DMBR technology. • Biofilm formation, design concepts, and aerobic performance are reviewed. • Encapsulation improves membrane stability and reduces fouling intensity. • Encapsulated biofilms host microbial communities distinct from bulk sludge. • Research gaps and future needs for optimisation and resource recovery are identified.