From invasive species to circular resources: A global synthesis of biomass utilisation pathways and life cycle environmental performance

Invasive alien species (IAS) are major drivers of biodiversity loss and ecosystem disruption, while the large volumes of biomass generated during their control represent a potential resource for circular economy strategies. However, research on IAS biomass valorisation remains fragmented, often focusing on individual species or isolated applications without integrating environmental performance across the life cycle. This study provides an integrated synthesis of scientific evidence on IAS biomass utilisation, aiming to identify the most studied species, main valorisation pathways, biomass properties and associated environmental impacts using life cycle assessment (LCA). A systematic review of 170 studies published between 1985 and 2024 was conducted, classifying biomass uses into seven categories and analysing key physicochemical and energetic indicators. Environmental sustainability was further assessed through a focused review of LCA studies on products derived from Arundo donax , Pinus pinaster and Eucalyptus globulus , complemented by an in-depth analysis of studies addressing the genus Acacia . Results show that energy production and agricultural applications are the most frequently investigated pathways. Calorific value is the most reported indicator of energy potential, while agricultural products such as compost and biochar generally exhibit suitable properties for soil amendment. LCA results indicate that environmental impacts are mainly driven by technological and processing choices rather than species identity. Energy-intensive processes show higher environmental burdens, whereas low-transformation pathways present more favourable profiles. Overall, IAS biomass valorisation is not inherently sustainable, and careful selection of processing routes is essential to minimise environmental trade-offs and support sustainable invasive species management within a circular bioeconomy framework.