Smart cities in Africa: a systematic literature review of challenges and development strategies

This study investigates the role of smart cities as catalysts for regional development in Africa, focusing on challenges such as rapid urbanization, environmental sustainability, and social inclusion. A systematic literature review of studies published between 2015 and 2024 was conducted, yielding 32 relevant articles across multiple regions. The analysis identifies six core dimensions essential for smart city initiatives—governance, economy, mobility, environment, people, and living—and highlights strategies that enable cities to respond effectively to local needs. Key findings emphasize the necessity of adaptive governance models that prioritize community engagement and public–private partnerships, ensuring that technological advancements are accessible and beneficial to all citizens. Comparative insights reveal that European approaches rely on strong regulatory frameworks, Asian cities emphasize advanced technological integration and climate adaptation, and American smart city initiatives emphasize aligning technological strategies with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), ensuring that developments are both environmentally sustainable and socially inclusive while remaining responsive to community priorities. These global perspectives enrich African strategies while underscoring the importance of context-specific solutions. Ultimately, the study contributes to the broader discourse on smart cities and regional development by offering actionable pathways for fostering inclusive, resilient, and locally grounded urban transformation.