Comparative environmental techno-economic assessments (eTEAs) of onboard amine-based carbon capture and boil-off gas handling systems on LCO2 carriers

The continuous increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the strengthening of environmental regulations have brought Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) technology into focus. Most liquefied carbon dioxide carriers (LCO 2 Cs) employ liquefied natural gas (LNG) propulsion, but they still emit significant GHG emissions, highlighting the need for further reduction. While boil-off gas (BOG) handling is essential for long-distance LCO 2 C operations, no studies have examined onboard carbon capture and storage (OCCS) systems integrated with BOG handling systems. This study evaluates five operational cases—BOG re-liquefaction (RLIQ), OCCS, purge gas recapture, and their combinations—to assess the GHG reduction and economic feasibility of LCO 2 Cs. Although standalone RLIQ and OCCS showed similar reduction rates (29% and 30%), the avoidance cost of OCCS alone was more than two times higher. Integrating BOG RLIQ, OCCS, and purge recirculation achieved up to 69% well-to-wake emission reduction with an avoidance cost of $355.9/t CO₂eq . Therefore, integrating OCCS with BOG RLIQ is the most effective approach for LCO 2 Cs. Despite limited competitiveness under current low carbon tax levels, the avoidance cost of $320–416/t CO₂eq remains favorable compared with other low-carbon technologies such as direct air capture ($500–1100/t CO₂eq ).