Differences in Protein Quantity and Quality Across a Spectrum of Plant-Based Meals: Analysis of a Large National Dietary Survey

Background: Current recommendations encourage consuming sufficient intake of high-quality protein, with ≥60% derived from plant-based sources, to support both nutritional requirements and sustainability goals. Objectives: This observational study assessed protein intake, quality, and sources in predominantly plant-based meals and diets using a national survey, offering insights to support a more sustainable and nutritionally adequate dietary transition. Methods: In the Dutch National Food Consumption Survey (2019-2021), protein intake was assessed using 24-h recalls in adults aged 18 to 79 y. Total, plant-based, and animal-based protein intake were analyzed per meal and per day. Protein quality per meal was evaluated using the Meal Protein Quality Score (MPQS). The association between protein quantity and the proportion of plant-based protein was evaluated based on how often meals reached adequate protein quality (MPQS >100). Furthermore, protein sources across food groups in diets with ≥60% and