Individual Characteristics and National Income Modify the Association between Cognitive Social Capital and Food Insecurity: Evidence from the Gallup World Poll, 2014–2021

Background Food insecurity affects >2.4 billion people globally and persists across income levels. Characteristics such as low income, low education, and unstable employment do not fully explain this persistence. Social resources embedded in networks, specifically cognitive social capital involving trust, reciprocity, and support, may offset constraints and buffer characteristics associated with a higher probability of food insecurity. Objectives This study examined whether social capital was associated with a lower probability of food insecurity and whether this association varied by individual characteristics and country contexts, consistent with buffering and compensation. Methods Data were drawn from the Gallup World Poll (2014–2021), comprising 702,850 respondents aged ≥15 y across 115 countries. Moderate or severe food insecurity was assessed using the 8-item Food Insecurity Experience Scale; social capital was measured using a binary indicator. Six individual-level characteristics were tested using multilevel linear probability models with country fixed effects and interaction terms. Country-specific slope coefficients capturing the association between social capital and food insecurity, obtained from a random-coefficient model, were regressed on log-transformed gross national income (GNI) per capita. Results The mean probability of food insecurity was 0.259; the mean prevalence of social capital was 0.820. In all countries, higher social capital was associated with a lower probability of food insecurity (slopes −0.318 to −0.055); quadratic analysis of the slopes on log-transformed GNI per capita showed consistent slopes in low- and middle-income countries and steeper slopes in high-income countries ( P < 0.001). Among individuals, associations were largest with primary education (−16.96 pp), low income, unemployment (−20.4 pp), poor health (−18.44 pp), and widowhood (−19.68 pp). Conclusions The strength of the negative association between social capital and food insecurity varied by individual characteristics and national income, consistent with buffering and compensation.