Assessment of antimicrobial usage & associated factors among aquaculture farmers in a district of eastern India

Problem considered Aquaculture, the breeding of aquatic organisms, is expanding rapidly and can improve food security. However, the excessive antimicrobial use in aquaculture contributes to antimicrobial resistance, posing environmental threats. This study aimed to assess antimicrobial usage in aquaculture and to examine factors influencing their usage. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to June 2024 among 310 aquaculture farmers in a district of an eastern state of India. Participants with at least one year of farming experience were selected using probability proportionate to size (PPS) sampling. Data were collected using a semi-structured, expert-validated questionnaire, covering socio-demographic characteristics, farm details, antimicrobials knowledge, usage patterns, and awareness of Antimicrobial Resistance. Data were analysed using Jamovi (version 2.3.28). Descriptive statistics were computed, and associated factors were analysed using chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regression. Results Majority (52.9%) of the farmers were not registered under the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY). All practiced freshwater aquaculture, with whiteleg shrimp being the predominant species (79.35%). Although 98.7% farmers had heard of antimicrobials, appropriate knowledge of rational use was limited. Antimicrobials were commonly used without prescriptions, with incomplete treatment courses, and poorly followed recommended dosages. Record-keeping was uncommon, and 98.1% were unaware of AMR. Conclusion The study highlights widespread unregulated antimicrobial use driven by inadequate knowledge and limited professional guidance. These findings emphasize the need for targeted awareness programs, regulatory enforcement, and capacity-building initiatives to promote rational antimicrobial use and support sustainable aquaculture in alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals.