Omics-based profiling of immune cell death in autoimmunity and inflammation

Immune cell death is a central determinant of autoimmune and inflammatory disease pathogenesis, shaping immune tolerance, tissue damage, and chronic cytokine release. Advances in multi-omics technologies have transformed the ability to dissect diverse death pathways, including apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and emerging modes such as PANoptosis, within complex immune environments. Genomic and transcriptomic profiling reveal disease-specific variants and transcriptional programs driving abnormal cell death in disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and inflammatory bowel disease. Proteomic, metabolomic, lipidomic, and epigenomic analyses further uncover regulatory networks, metabolic rewiring, and lipid peroxidation events that govern immune cell fate. Integrative multi-omics and systems biology approaches enable network-level modelling, biomarker discovery, and identification of therapeutic targets. This review explores current knowledge across omics technology and evaluates translational opportunities, including diagnostics, systems pharmacology, and precision therapeutics. Future efforts may prioritize single-cell multi-omics to enable truly personalised immunomodulatory interventions.