Lateral habenula and periaqueductal gray neurons signal reward prediction error and continuity of reward expectancy to drive reward-seeking behavior

Reward-seeking behaviors often require not only encoding moment-to-moment reward prediction errors but also sustaining reward expectancy in the face of repeated negative outcomes and ongoing effort costs. While the lateral habenula has been extensively studied as a source of negative prediction error signals, how the brain maintains motivational continuity when rewards are delayed, uncertain, or repeatedly omitted remains poorly understood. Here, we show a complementary role of the periaqueductal gray in sustaining reward expectancy through tonic activity that persists beyond prediction errors. We find that the balance between distinct tonic signaling in the periaqueductal gray, which signals remaining reward expectancy, and phasic signaling in the lateral habenula, which signals reward prediction error, plays a crucial role in determining whether animals continue or discontinue reward-seeking behaviors when encountering unexpected negative events. This mechanism is essential for efficiently navigating complex environments with diverse reward volatilities and ultimately contributes to maximizing reward acquisition.