Heterologous betacoronavirus spike immunization in non-human primates elicits antibodies that neutralize both sarbeco- and merbecoviruses

In anticipation of future coronavirus (CoV) pandemics, developing vaccines that elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against diverse CoVs is critical. Here, we vaccinated rhesus macaques with the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S)-protein, then boosted with heterologous β-CoV S-proteins to focus responses to common conserved S2 bnAb epitopes. Initial SARS-CoV-2 priming elicited receptor-binding domain (RBD)-focused responses, while MERS-CoV boosting redirected responses toward the S2 region, including the stem-helix bnAb site. Although S2-directed serum cross-neutralization was undetectable and most isolated cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeted non-neutralizing epitopes, two S2 stem-helix mAbs were identified from memory B cells. These bnAbs neutralized diverse sarbeco- and merbecoviruses, including MERS-CoV, and conferred robust in vivo protection against SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Structural studies reveal that these macaque bnAbs closely mimic human S2 stem bnAbs induced by infection. These findings provide proof-of-principle for vaccination strategies that elicit broadly protective β-coronavirus responses and highlight non-human primates as a translational model for evaluating S2-targeted immunogens.