Concrete printing with textile reinforcement: Approaches, classification, and testing

The integration of reinforcement remains a key challenge in 3D concrete printing (3DCP) and continues to limit its structural application. Existing approaches are largely based on metallic reinforcement or discrete fibers and are not fully compatible with the geometric flexibility and process characteristics of additive manufacturing. Textile reinforcement, consisting of continuous fiber-based yarns arranged in two- or three-dimensional architectures, offers a promising alternative due to its flexibility, high tensile strength, and corrosion resistance. This paper presents a comprehensive review and proposes a process-based classification framework for the integration of textile reinforcement into 3DCP. Building on the RILEM taxonomy for digital fabrication with concrete, integration strategies are systematically categorized according to their position within the manufacturing sequence, distinguishing between single-step processes during concrete shaping and two-step processes before or after shaping. The framework is used to analyze existing approaches and to relate them to reinforcement configurations, bond mechanisms, and resulting mechanical performance. Particular attention is given to testing methodologies and the specific challenges associated with additively manufactured textile-reinforced concrete. The study highlights key limitations, particularly with respect to bond, anisotropy, and process constraints, and provides guidance for the development of structurally efficient and scalable 3D-printed systems.