Design of glass-ceramic/diamond Raman markers for anti-counterfeiting applications

Counterfeiting is a growing problem that affects the economy and security, making stronger authentication measures necessary. This work presents a new concept of customizable hierarchical Raman markers based on laser-induced graphitization of diamond particles embedded in inorganic feldspathic glass-ceramic matrices. By tuning material combinations and functional properties of the glass-ceramics, these Raman markers can be tailored to specific applications, offering a versatile solution for authentication, security and traceability. Selective laser exposure modifies the local structure and Raman response through localized graphitization and interfacial effects, enabling the generation of unique encrypted codes or spectral fingerprints. Additionally, laser-induced graphitization of diamond particles led to a pronounced enhancement of the Raman signal at low Raman shifts, likely due to localized heating and interfacial effects, introducing an additional variable for spectral modulation. These diamond-based glass-ceramic customizable Raman markers exploit the material's structural and optical properties, offering potential for high-security applications, including the verification of luxury goods, artwork, and even defense applications. Their adaptability makes them a promising tool for improving safety and traceability across multiple industries.