Exploring a business incubator process: Evidence from different European cities in the IN-HABIT project

Incubators are useful tools to foster the launch of innovative start-ups. This paper investigates the process of an incubation model that supports entrepreneurs at an initial stage of their work through the development of a business plan from scratch with innovative tools. Specifically, we focus on the impact of the application of this methodology to a European project – IN-HABIT - involving 4 different cities in Europe. Based on a qualitative approach using semi-structured interviews (multiple-choice questionnaire), we critically analysed the whole process and compared the findings to understand strengths and weaknesses across different phases of the program and city contexts. A questionnaire for each city from a representative of the organisation applying the incubation tool has been collected. Results highlight how the context in which the incubation program is carried out and the specific topic of interest can influence the whole process. Although this research mainly explored the methodology's application in different contexts, further study will be needed to better assess the long-term outcomes for participants. From a practical perspective, the study suggests that successful implementation and replication of incubation programs in diverse urban settings require: local adaptation of the methodology to context-specific needs; engagement of local stakeholders to ensure outreach and participation; and integration of incubation activities within broader urban innovation ecosystems. These insights can inform practitioners, policymakers, and project designers seeking to apply or replicate inclusive incubation models in other territorial or thematic contexts.