Morphing aircraft technology as an enabler for next-generation supersonic transports: A comprehensive review

With the resurgence of interest in next-generation Supersonic Transports (SSTs), overcoming challenges such as sonic boom mitigation and the conflicting aerodynamic demands of subsonic and supersonic flight remains critical. The morphing aircraft technology, which enables adaptive geometric reconfiguration, offers a promising solution. However, its application to SSTs lacks a comprehensive, dedicated review, creating a barrier to its integration in future designs. We addresse this critical gap, reconciling the historical abandonment of morphing in early SSTs with its reemergence as a key enabling technology, driven by modern advances in smart materials and design methodologies. Beginning by examining the historical evolution of SSTs to highlight the proven benefits of morphing concepts, we then classify and analyses contemporary morphing techniques, from variable-sweep wings to adaptive fuselages, in the context of supersonic flight. Finally, we identify and elaborate on four cornerstone technological challenges—integrated flexible skin technology, morphing mechanism/structure design, lightweight and high-efficiency actuator, and multidisciplinary coupled design methodologies for morphing SST—providing a roadmap for future research and development.