Stem cell-laden 3D bioprinting for osteoarthritis: Orchestrating chondrogenic induction and inflammatory microenvironment modulation

Osteoarthritis (OA) involves irreversible cartilage degeneration and requires regenerative strategies due to limited self-repair. This review highlights the potential of stem cell-laden 3D bioprinting to engineer biomimetic cartilage scaffolds with precise control. It analyzes bioprinting methods, bioinks, and cell induction strategies, focusing on the synergistic roles of small molecules, growth factors, and exosomes in guiding stem cell differentiation. Emphasizing that modulation of the inflammatory microenvironment is crucial for stem cell fate, the review explores designs for functional anti-inflammatory bioinks. Despite the promise of integrated bioprinted scaffolds, challenges remain in optimizing bioink mechanical properties, long-term stability. Future efforts should prioritize advanced materials, hybrid printing systems, and personalized design to accelerate clinical translation for OA management.