Modeling compressive instability in two-dimensional Ti2COx MXenes

In practical applications, MXenes are often subjected to a variety of loads, including compression. While their mechanical response under different loading conditions, such as tensile loading, has been extensively studied, their compressive instability remains largely unexplored. The compressive and post-buckling behavior of Ti 2 C and Ti 2 CO 2 MXene nanosheets is studied using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and a nonlocal formulation. The employed interatomic potential is first validated against experimental and density functional theory (DFT) data for structural and mechanical properties. The results indicate that classical continuum mechanics underestimates the buckling strains, whereas the nonlocal formulation adequately captures the observed response. A systematic examination of various defect types up to a defect fraction of 3% reveals that while isolated point defects primarily reduce the critical buckling stress, vacancy clusters significantly alter the buckling mode shapes. Lateral confinement pressure and oxygen surface termination substantially increase the buckling stress. Atomistic analysis reveals opposite stress states in the top and bottom Ti layers due to curvature-induced strain gradients. Under biaxial compression, the nanosheet buckles in a dome-like shape, whereas shear loads produce elliptical deflection modes. The presented findings may stimulate future studies on MXene morphological transformations, such as the development of nanotube, nanoscroll, and folded architectures